Abstract
In forensic toxicology, the detection of biomarkers for illicit heroin is important in the identification of illicit opiate use. In addition to the active metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine, the opiate codeine and the major impurity acetylcodeine, other biomarkers such as papaverine, noscapine and their metabolites have been proposed (1, 2, 3, 4).
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