Density-dependent compensations in experimental blowfly populations give indirectly positive effects of a toxicant

Allee, W. C. 1938. The social life of animals. William Heinemann,
London, UK.
Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The distribution
and abundance of animals. University of Chicago Press.
Chicago, Il1inois, USA.
Chandini, T. 1989. Survival, growth and reproduction of
Daphnia carinata (Crustacea: Cladocera) exposed to chronic
cadmium stress at different food (Chlorella) levels. Environmental
Pollution 60:29-45.
Connell, J. H. 1985. The consequences of variation in initial
settlement vs. post-settlement mortality in rocky intertidal
communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology 93: 11-45.
Cox, D. R., and D. Oakes. 1984. Analysis of survival data.
Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
Daniels. S. 1994. Effects of cadmium toxicity on population
dynamics of the blowfly Lucilia sericata. Dissertation. University
of Reading, Reading, UK.
Daniels. S., K, Simkiss, and R. H. Smith. 1991. A simple
larval diet for population studies on the blowfly Lucilia
sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Medical and Veterinary
Entomology 5:283-292.
Forbes, V. E.. R. M. Sibly. and P. Calow. 2001. Toxicant
impacts on density-limited populations: a critical review of
theory, practice, and results. Ecological Applications 11:
1249-1257.
Grant, A. 1998. Population consequences of chronic toxicity:
incorporating density dependence into the analysis of life
table response experiments. Ecological Modelling 105:
325-335.
Kaplan, E. L.. and P. Meier. 1958. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal ofthe American Statistical
Association 53:457-485.
Kuhn, A., W. R. Munns, D. Champlin, R. McKinney, M.
Tagliabue, J. Serbst, and T. Gleason. 2001. Evaluation of
the efficacy of extrapolation population modeling to predict
the dynamics of Americamysis bahia populations in the
laboratory. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:
213-221.
Lingja:rde, O. C., N. C. Stenseth, A. B. Kristoffersen, R. H.
Smith, S. J. Moe, J. M. Read, S. Daniels, and K. Simkiss.
2001. Exploring the density-dependent structure of blowfly
populations by nonparametric additive modeling. Ecology
82:2645-2658.
Linke-Gamenick, 1., V. E. Forbes, and R. M. Sibly. 1999.
Density-dependent effects of a toxicant on life-history traits
and population dynamics of a capitellid polychaete. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 184:139-148.
Marshall, J. S. 1978. Population dynamics of Daphnia galeata
mendotae as modified by chronic cadmium stress.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:461-
469.
McCullagh, P, and J. A. Nelder. 1989. Generalized linear
models. Monographs on statistics and applied probability.
Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
Moe, S. J., N. C. Stenseth, and R. H. Smith. 2001. Effects
of a toxicant on population growth rates: sublethal and
delayed responses in blowfly populations. Functional Ecology
15:712-721.
Moe, S. J., N. C. Stenseth, and R. H. Smith. 2002. Density
dependence in blowfly populations: experimental evaluation
of non-parametric time-series modelling. Oikos, in
press.
Nicholson, A. J. 1954. An outline of the dynamics of animal
populations. Australian Journal of Zoology 2:9-65.
Nicholson, A. J. 1957. The self-adjustment of populations to
change. Cold Spring Harbour Symposia on Quantitative
Biology 22:153-172.
Parker, E. D., V. E. Forbes, S. L. Nielsen, C. Ritter, C. Barata,
D. J. Baird, W. Admiraal, L. Levin, V. Loeschke, P. Lyytikainen-
Saarenmaa, H. Hl!Igh-Jensen, P. Calow, and B. J.
Ripley. 1999. Stress in ecological systems. Oikos 86: 179-
184.
Peterson, C. H., and R. Black. 1988. Density-dependent mortality
caused by physical stress interacting with biotic history.
American Naturalist 131:257-270.
Postma, J. E, M. C. Buckert-de Jong, N. Staats, and C. Davids.
1994. Chronic toxicity of cadmium to Chironomus
riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae) at different food levels.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
26:143-148.
Rognes, K. 1991. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia
and Denmark. In N. P. Kristensen, editor. Fauna
Entomologica Scandinavica. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Sibly, R. M., T. D. WiIliams, and M. B. Jones. 2000. How
environmental stress affects density dependence and carrying
capacity in a marine copepod. Journal of Applied
Ecology 37:388-397.
Simkiss, K., S. Daniels, and R. H. Smith. 1993. Effects of
population density and cadmium toxicity on growth and
survival of blowflies. Environmental Pollution 81:41-45.
Smith, R. H., S. Daniels, K. Simkiss, E. D. Bell, S. Ellner,
and B. Forrest. 2000. Blowflies as a case study in nonlinear
population dynamics. Pages 137-172 in J. N. Perry,
R. H. Smith, 1. P. Woiwod, and D. Morses, editors. Chaos
in real data: the analysis of non-linear dynamics in short
ecological time series. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands.
Turchin, P. 1995. Population regulation: old arguments and
a new synthesis. Pages 19-40 in N. Cappuccino and P. W.
Prices, editors. Population dynamics: new approaches and
synthesis. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
Ullyett, G. C. 1950. Competition for food and allied phenomena
in sheep-blowfly populations. Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London, Series B 234:77-
174.
Underwood, A. J. 1989. The analysis of stress in natural
populations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 37:
51-78.