| References: | Language of Original Document: English Correspondence Address: Adams, G. G.; University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Insulin Diabetes Experimental Research Group, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; email: Gary.Adams@nottingham.ac.uk References: Ahuja, Y.R., Vijayalakshmi, V., Stem cell test: A practical tool in toxicogenomics (2007) Toxicology, 231 (1), pp. 1-10; Ainsworth, C.D., Crowther, M.A., Treleaven, D., Evanovttch, D., Webert, K.E., Blajchman, M.A., Severe hemolytic anemia post-renal transplantation produced by donor anti-D passenger lymphocytes, case report and literature review (2009) Transfusion Medical Review, 23 (2), pp. 155-159; Amit, M., Carpenter, M.K., Clonally derived human embryonic stem cell lines maintain pluripotency and proliferative potential for prolonged periods of culture (2000) Developmental Biology, 227 (2), pp. 271-278; Amit, M., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Maintenance of human embryonic stem cells in animal serum- and feeder layer-free culture conditions (2006) Methods Molecular Biology, 331, pp. 105-113; Amit, M., Margulets, V., Human feeder layers for human embryonic stem cells (2003) Biological Reproduction, 68 (6), pp. 2150-2156; Andrews, P.W., From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells (2002) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 357 (1420), pp. 405-417; Armstrong, L., Lako, M., mTert expression correlates with telomerase activity during the differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (2000) Mechanisms of Development, 97 (1-2), pp. 109-116; Axelrod, H.R., Embryonic stem cell lines derived from blastocysts by a simplified technique (1984) Developmental Biology, 101 (1), pp. 225-228; Bjornson, C.R., Rietze, R.L., Turning brain into blood, a hematopoietic fate adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo (1999) Science, 283 (5401), pp. 534-537; Blyszczuk, P., A, C., Rozzo, A., Kania, G., St-Onge, L., Rupnik, M., Wobus, A.M., Embryonic stem cells differentiate into insulin-producing cells without selection of nestin-expressing cells (2004) International Journal of Developmental Biology, 48 (10), pp. 1095-1104; Blyszczuk, P., Wobus, A.M., In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells into the pancreatic lineage (2006) Methods Molecular Biology, 330, pp. 373-385; Boheler, K.R., Czyz, J., Differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes (2002) Circulation Research, 91 (3), pp. 189-201; Brenin, D., Look, J., Rat embryonic stem cells, a progress report (1997) Transplantion Proceedings, 29 (3), pp. 1761-1765; Bukovsky, A., Caudle, M.R., Virant-Klun, I., Gupta, S.K., Dominguez, R., Svetlikova, M., Xu, F., Immune physiology and oogenesis in fetal and adult humans, ovarian infertility, and totipotency of adult ovarian stem cells (2009) Birth Defects Research C Embryo Today, 87 (1), pp. 64-89; Burdon, T., Chambers, I., Signaling mechanisms regulating self-renewal and differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (1999) Cells Tissues Organs, 165 (3-4), pp. 131-143; Burdon, T., Stracey, C., Suppression of SHP-2 and ERK signalling promotes self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (1999) Developmental Biology, 210 (1), pp. 30-43; Cameron, C.M., Hu, W.S., Improved development of human embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies by stirred vessel cultivation (2006) Biotechnology Bioengineering, 94 (5), pp. 938-948; Cameron, C.M., Hu, W.S., Kaufman, D.S., Improved development of human embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies by stirred vessel cultivation (2006) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 94 (5), pp. 938-948; Chambers, I., Colby, D., Functional expression cloning of Nanog, apluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells (2003) Cell, 113 (5), pp. 643-655; Chang, I.K., Jeong, D.K., Production of germline chimeric chickens by transfer of cultured primordial germ cells (1997) Cell Biology International, 21 (8), pp. 495-499; Chugh, A.R., Zuba-Surma, E.K., Dawn, B., Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stems cells and cardiac repair (2009) Minerva Cardioangiologica, 57 (2), pp. 185-202; Daheron, L., Opitz, S.L., LIF/STAT3 signaling fails to maintain self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (2004) Stem Cells, 22 (5), pp. 770-778; Dang, S.M., Kyba, M., Efficiency of embryoid body formation and hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells in different culture systems (2002) Biotechnology Bioengineering, 78 (4), pp. 442-453; Dang, S.M., Zandstra, P.W., Scalable production of embryonic stem cell-derived cells (2005) Methods Molecular Biology, 290, pp. 353-364; Davila, J.C., Cezar, G.G., Use and application of stem cells in toxicology (2004) Toxicology Science, 79 (2), pp. 214-223; De Coppi, P., Bartsch Jr., G., Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy (2007) Nature Biotechnology, 25 (1), pp. 100-106; Dessimoz, J., Opoka, R., FGF signaling is necessary for establishing gut tube domains along the anterior-posterior axis in vivo (2006) Mechanisms of Development, 123 (1), pp. 42-55; Doetschman, T., Williams, P., Establishment of hamster blastocyst-derived embryonic stem (ES) cells (1988) Developmental Biology, 127 (1), pp. 224-227; Doetschman, T.C., Eistetter, H., The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines, formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium (1985) Journal of Embryological Experimental Morphology, 87, pp. 27-45; Doss, M.X., K, C., Gissel, C., Hescheler, J., Sachinidis, A., Embryonic stem cells, a promising tool for cell replacement therapy (2004) Journal of Cell Molecular Medicine, 8 (4), pp. 465-473; Esni, F., Ghosh, B., Notch inhibits Ptf1 function and acinar cell differentiation in developing mouse and zebrafish pancreas (2004) Development, 131 (17), pp. 4213-4224; Evans, M.J., Kaufman, M.H., Establishment in Culture of Pluripotential Cells from Mouse Embryos (1981) Nature, 292 (5819), pp. 154-156; Ezhkova, E., Pasolli, H.A., Parker, J.S., Stokes, N., Su, I.H., Hannon, G., Tarakhovsky, A., Fuchs, E., Ezh2 orchestrates gene expression for the stepwise differentiation of tissue-specific stem cells (2009) Cell, 136 (6), pp. 1122-1135; Gearhart, J.D., Mintz, B., Contact-mediated myogenesis and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in primary cultures of mouse teratocarcinoma cells (1974) Proceedings National Academy of Sciences U S A, 71 (5), pp. 1734-1738; Geijsen, N., Horoschak, M., Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells (2004) Nature, 427 (6970), pp. 148-154; Gittes, G.K., Galante, P.E., Lineage-specific morphogenesis in the developing pancreas, Role of mesenchymal factors (1996) Development, 122 (2), pp. 439-447; Golosow, N., Grobstein, C., Epitheliomesenchymal Interaction in Pancreatic Morphogenesis (1962) Developmental Biology, 4 (2), p. 242; Graves, K.H., Moreadith, R.W., Derivation and characterization of putative pluripotential embryonic stem cells from preimplantation rabbit embryos (1993) Molecular Reproductive Development, 36 (4), pp. 424-433; Gupta, S., Chowdhury, J.R., Therapeutic potential of hepatocyte transplantation (2002) Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 13 (6), pp. 439-446; Hart, A., Papadopoulou, S., Fgf10 maintains notch activation, stimulates proliferation, and blocks differentiation of pancreatic epithelial cells (2003) Developmental Dynamics, 228 (2), pp. 185-193; Heiser, P.W., Lau, J., Stabilization of beta-catenin impacts pancreas growth (2006) Development, 133 (10), pp. 2023-2032; Holtzer, H., Cell lineages, stem cells and the quantal cell cycle concept (1978) Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis, , Cambridge University Press; Hu, A., Cai, J., Zheng, Q., He, X., Pan, Y., Li, L., Hepatic differentiation from embryonic stem cells in vitro (2003) Chinese Medicine Journal (Engl), 116 (12), pp. 1893-1897; Hubner, K., Fuhrmann, G., Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells (2003) Science, 300 (5623), pp. 1251-1256; Jakob, H., Boon, T., Teratocarcinoma of the mouse, isolation, culture and properties of pluripotential cells (1973) Annals of Microbiology, 124 (3), pp. 269-282. , Paris; Kalkunte, S.S., Mselle, T.F., Norris, W.E., Wira, C.R., Sentman, C.L., Sharma, S., Vascular endothelial growth factor C facilitates immune tolerance and endovascular activity of human uterine NK cells at the maternal-fetal interface (2009) Journal of Immunology, 182 (7), pp. 4085-4092; Kroon, E., Martinson, L.A., Kadoya, K., Bang, A.G., Kelly, O.G., Eliazer, S., Young, H., Cunningham, J., Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo (2008) Nature Biotechnology, 26, pp. 443-452; Kurosawa, H., Methods for inducing embryoid body formation, in vitro differentiation system of embryonic stem cells (2007) Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 103 (5), pp. 389-398; Labosky, P.A., Barlow, D.P., Mouse Embryonic Germ (Eg) Cell-Lines - Transmission through the Germline and Differences in the Methylation Imprint of Insulin-Like Growth-Factor 2 Receptor (Igf2R) Gene Compared with Embryonic Stem (Es) Cell-Lines (1994) Development, 120 (11), pp. 3197-3204; Lee, J.B., Lee, J.E., Establishment and maintenance of human embryonic stem cell lines on human feeder cells derived from uterine endometrium under serum-free condition (2005) Biological Reproduction, 72 (1), pp. 42-49; Lester, L.B., K, H., Andrews, L., Nauert, B., Wolf, D.P., Directed differentiation of rhesus monkey ES cells into pancreatic cell phenotypes (2004) Reproductive Biological Endocrinology, 16, p. 42; Lewis, S.L., Tam, P.P., Definitive endoderm of the mouse embryo, formation, cell fates, and morphogenetic function (2006) Developmental Dynamics, 235 (9), pp. 2315-2329; Lumelsky, N., Blondel, O., Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to insulin-secreting structures similar to pancreatic islets (2001) Science, 292 (5520), pp. 1389-1394; Maguire, T., Novik, E., Schloss, R., Yarmush, M., Alginate-PLL microencapsulation, effect on the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes (2006) Biotechnology Bioengineering, 93 (3), pp. 581-591; Martin, G.R., Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells (1981) Proceedings National Academy of Sciences U S A, 78 (12), pp. 7634-7638; Matsui, Y., Zsebo, K., Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from murine primordial germ cells in culture (1992) Cell, 70 (5), pp. 841-847; Meirelles, L., Nardi, N.B., Methodology, biology and clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (2009) Frontiers in Bioscience, 14, pp. 4281-4298; Miettinen, P.J., Huotari, M.A., Impaired migration and delayed differentiation of pancreatic islet cells in mice lacking EGF-receptors (2000) Development, 127 (12), pp. 2617-2627; Mimeault, M., Batra, S.K., Concise review, recent advances on the significance of stem cells in tissue regeneration and cancer therapies (2006) Stem Cells, 24 (11), pp. 2319-2345; Miralles, F., Czernichow, P., Follistatin regulates the relative proportions of endocrine versus exocrine tissue during pancreatic development (1998) Development, 125 (6), pp. 1017-1024; Mitsui, K., Tokuzawa, Y., The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells (2003) Cell, 113 (5), pp. 631-642; Miyazaki, S., Yamato, E., Regulated expression of pdx-1 promotes in vitro differentiation of insulin-producing cells from embryonic stem cells (2004) Diabetes, 53 (4), pp. 1030-1037; Murtaugh, L.C., Law, A.C., Beta-Catenin is essential for pancreatic acinar but not islet development (2005) Development, 132 (21), pp. 4663-4674; Niwa, H., Burdon, T., Self-renewal of pluripotent embryonic stem cells is mediated via activation of STAT3 (1998) Genes Development, 12 (13), pp. 2048-2060; Niwa, H., Miyazaki, J., Quantitative expression of Oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of ES cells (2000) Nature Genetics, 24 (4), pp. 372-376; Norgaard, G.A., Jensen, J.N., FGF10 signaling maintains the pancreatic progenitor cell state revealing a novel role of Notch in organ development (2003) Developmental Biology, 264 (2), pp. 323-338; Odorico, J.S., Kaufman, D.S., Multilineage differentiation from human embryonic stem cell lines (2001) Stem Cells, 19 (3), pp. 193-204; Oktem, O., Oktay, K., Current knowledge in the renewal capability of germ cells in the adult ovary (2009) Birth Defects Research C Embryo Today, 87 (1), pp. 90-95; Papadopoulou, S., Edlund, H., Attenuated Wnt signaling perturbs pancreatic growth but not pancreatic function (2005) Diabetes, 54 (10), pp. 2844-2851; Parrish, Y.K., Baez, I., Milford, T.A., Benitez, A., Galloway, N., Rogerio, J.W., Sahakian, E., Payne, K.J., IL-7 Dependence in human B lymphopoiesis increases during progression of ontogeny from cord blood to bone marrow (2009) Journal of Immunology, 182 (7), pp. 4255-4266; Pau, K.Y., Wolf, D.P., Derivation and characterization of monkey embryonic stem cells (2004) Reproductive Biological Endocrinology, 2, p. 41; Pesce, M., Anastassiadis, K., Oct-4, lessons of totipotency from embryonic stem cells (1999) Cells Tissues Organs, 165 (3-4), pp. 144-152; Pieler, T., Chen, Y., Forgotten and novel aspects in pancreas development (2006) Biol Cell, 98 (2), pp. 79-88; Prelle, K., Vassiliev, I.M., Establishment of pluripotent cell lines from vertebrate species-present status and future prospects (1999) Cells Tissues Organs, 165 (3-4), pp. 220-236; Prockop, D.J., Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues (1997) Science, 276 (5309), pp. 71-74; Qu, X.B., Pan, J., Zhang, C., Huang, S.Y., Sox17 facilitates the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into primitive and definitive endoderm in vitro (2008) Developmental Growth and Differentiation, 50 (7), pp. 585-593; Rahier, J., (1988) The Diabetic Pancreas, a Pathologist's View, , New York, Springer-Verlag; Resnick, J.L., Bixler, L.S., Long-Term Proliferation of Mouse Primordial Germ-Cells in Culture (1992) Nature, 359 (6395), pp. 550-551; Reubinoff, B.E., Pera, M.F., Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts, somatic differentiation in vitro (2000) Nature Biotechnology, 18 (4), pp. 399-404; Reynolds, B.A., Weiss, S., Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system (1992) Science, 255 (5052), pp. 1707-1710; Richards, M., Fong, C.Y., Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cells (2002) Nature Biotechnology, 20 (9), pp. 933-936; Robertson, E., Embryo-derived stem cell lines (1987) Teratocarcinoma and Embryonic Stem Cells, a Practical Approach, , Oxford, UK, IRL; Sasaki, E., Hanazawa, K., Establishment of novel embryonic stem cell lines derived from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) (2005) Stem Cells, 23 (9), pp. 1304-1313; Sato, N., Meijer, L., Maintenance of pluripotency in human and mouse embryonic stem cells through activation of Wnt signaling by a pharmacological GSK-3-specific inhibitor (2004) Nature Medicine, 10 (1), pp. 55-63; Scholer, H.R., Hatzopoulos, A.K., A family of octamer-specific proteins present during mouse embryogenesis, evidence for germline-specific expression of an Oct factor (1989) Embo Journal, 8 (9), pp. 2543-2550; Schoonjans, L., Albright, G.M., Pluripotential rabbit embryonic stem (ES) cells are capable of forming overt coat color chimeras following injection into blastocysts (1996) Molecular Reproductive Development, 45 (4), pp. 439-443; Serakinci, N., Keith, W.N., Therapeutic potential of adult stem cells (2006) European Journal of Cancer, 42 (9), pp. 1243-1246; Shamblott, M.J., Axelman, J., Human embryonic germ cell derivatives express a broad range of developmentally distinct markers and proliferate extensively in vitro (2001) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 98 (1), pp. 113-118; Shiraki, N., Higuchi, Y., Harada, S., Umeda, K., Isagawa, T., Aburatani, H., Kume, K., Kume, S., Differentiation and characterization of embryonic stem cells into three germ layers (2009) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, pp. 278-283; Shiroi, A., Yoshikawa, M., Identification of insulin-producing cells derived from embryonic stem cells by zinc-chelating dithizone (2002) Stem Cell |